The fundamental principles of environmental toxicology are clearly presented here for university students and
professionals in related fields. This book consists of two parts. In the first part basic metabolic, physiological,
and pharmacological concepts are used to explain the fate of toxic chemicals in the body, with emphasis on carcinogenesis
and mutagenesis. This part also contains a chapter on chemicals disrupting the endocrine system and a chapter on
risk assessment and the precautionary principle. The second section deals with specific environmental problems
- air pollution, alteration of the earth's atmosphere, water and land pollution, including sections on wetlands,
organic agriculture and genetically modified crops. It also deals with health and environmental effects of ionized
radiation, and the effect of a rapid population growth on the environmental and human welfare. Chapter on pollution
control and regulatory policies are also included.
Table of Contents
1. Environment: Past and Present
Historical Perspective
Present State of the World
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: The Earth Summit
Antienvironmental Movements in the United States
Rio Plus Five
The Impact of Global Trade on the Environment
2. Review of Pharmacologic Concepts
Dose-Response Relationship
The Concept of Receptors
Mode of Entry of Toxins
Translocation of Xenobiotics
3. Metabolism of Xenobiotics
Phases of Metabolism
Phase - Biotransformations
Disposition of Epoxides
Phase - Conjugations
Glutathione
Induction and Inhibition of P- Isozymes
Activation of Precarcinogens
4. Factors that Influence Toxicity
Selective Toxicity
Metabolic Pathways
Enzyme Activity
Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Systems
Toxicity Tests in Animals
Individual Variations in Response to Xenobiotics
5. Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis
Environment and Cancer
Multistage Development of Cancer
Types of Carcinogens
Review of DNA and Chromosomal Structure
Mutagenesis
Interaction of Chemicals with DNA
Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer
Carcinogenic Effect of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
DNA Repair Mechanism
Oncogenes and Tumor Supressor Genes
6. Endocrine Disrupters
Historical Perspectives
Hormonal Imbalance
Properties of Endocrine Disrupters
Environmental and Health Impact of Endocrine Disrupters
7. Risk Assessment
Hazard Assessment
Dose-Response Assessment
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterization
Critique of Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupters
Ecological Risk Assessment
The Principle of Precautionary Action
8. Occupational Toxicology
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices
Respiratory Toxicity
Irritation of Airways and Edema
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary Neoplasia
Allergic Responses
Nephrotoxins
Liver Damage
Other Toxic Responses
9. Air Pollution
Pollutant Cycles
Urban Pollutants: Their Sources and Biological Effects
Trends and Present Status of Air Quality
Pollution by Motor Vehicles
Pollution by Industrial Chemicals
Pollution by Incinerators
Tall Stacks and Their Role in Transport of Pollutants
Indoor Air Pollution
10. Pollution of the Atmosphere
This Earth's Atmosphere
Formation and Sustenance of Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone
Emission of CO[subscript ] and Models of Climatic Changes
Current Developments
The Effects of Atmospheric Changes on Human Health
11. Water and Land Pollution
Freshwater Reserves
Nitrogen Overload
Transport of Water Pollutants
Urban Pollutants
Lead Pollution
Soil Erosion
Nutrients and Pesticides
Alternative Agriculture
Genetically Modified Crops
Wetlands and Estuaries
Industrial Pollutants
Pollution of Groundwater
Airborne Water and Land Pollution
12. Pollution Control
Clean-Coal Technology
Control of Mobile-Source Emission
Control of Nitrogen Oxides
Energy Conservation
Wastewater Treatment
Waste Disposal and Recycling
Hazardous Waste
13. Radioactive Pollution
Ionizing Radiation
Measurement of Radioactivity
Sources of Radiation
Health and Biological Effects of Radiation
Nuclear Energy
14. Population, Environment, and Women's Issues
Present Trends in Population Growth
Effect of Overpopulation on the Environment
Overpopulation, Urban Sprawl, and Public Health
International Cooperation on Population Issues
15. Regulatory Policies and International Treaties
The National Environmental Policy Act
Environmental Regulatory Framework
EPA and Its Responsibilities
OSHA and Its Responsibilities
Miscellaneous Environmental Acts and Treaties
