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Summary
The Foundations of Dual Language Instruction is a practical, comprehensive, objective look at dual language instruction and the social, political, historical, and educational issues of teaching second language learners in today's diverse classrooms. With its emphasis on English language learners, the book provides descriptions of effective programs and instructional strategies that can be used in the classroom, and includes sections on the history and legal underpinnings of schooling in two languages, language policy in the U.S. and around the world, considerations of changing demographics and implications for educators, and the dynamics of culture in schooling.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Chapter 1 � National Unity and Diversity and the Languages We Speak Introduction Key Questions Changing Demographics Immigration Immigration: A Historical Perspective Other Demographic Factors Implications for Teachers A Changing National Narrative Unity, Diversity and Language Language Parochialism Language Elitism Language Restrictionism Implications for Schooling Restrictions on Bilingual Programs Outcomes Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 2 � Historical and International Perspectives on Language Education Introduction Key Questions Historical Perspectives The Ancient World The Modern World Dual Language Instruction in the United States: A History The Nineteenth Century The Twentieth Century Multilingualism in the U.S.: Looking Forward Language Planning, Language Policy and Schooling Language Suppression Language Revitalization Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 3 � Aspects of Language Introduction Key Questions The Study of Language What Is Language? Subsystems of Language The Phonological System The Morphological System Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Other Aspects of Communication Implications for Teachers Language Attitudes Are Some Languages Better Than Others? Are Some Languages More Expressive Than Others? Language Varieties Standard Dialect Pidgins and Creoles Register Is It Slang? More Than One Language What Is Bilingualism? Code-Switching Bilingualism: A Handicap or a Talent? The Ebonics Debate Language Loss Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 4 � Language Development Introduction Key Questions First Language Development: Memorizing or Hypothesizing? Rule Finding First language Development and Comprehensible Input Child-Directed Speech The Social and Cultural Contexts of Language Acquisition Input Modification Order of Acquisition Children as Sociolinguists Second Language Acquisition The Effect of Age The Effect of Personality The Social Factors Integrative Models of Second Language Acquisition The Acquisition-Learning Distinction Language Learners and Language Speakers Interact Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 5 � Dual Language Program Models Introduction Key Questions What Is a Program Model? Transitional Program Models What Is the Goal of a Transitional Program? Transitional Programs: A Lot Better Than Nothing Maintenance and Enrichment Programs Immersion Programs The Results of Immersion: The Canadian Experience Immersion Programs in the United States Dual Language Instruction in Private Schools Bilingual Teachers Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 6 � Primary Language Instruction for English Learners Introduction A Rationale for Primary Language Instruction Transfer of Concepts and Skills How Does Transfer Work? Primary Language Development and Second Language Acquisition Students Need to Develop CALP Effects of Bilingualism on Achievement Primary Language Instruction and Self-Concept Overall, What Does the Research Indicate? If Primary Language Instruction, Then How? Separation of Languages Concurrent Translation Preview-Review Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 7 � Second Language Instruction Introduction Key Questions A Note About Terminology Early Viewpoints on Second Language Instruction The Search for Alternative Approaches Modern Approaches to Second Language Instruction The Audiolingual Approach Other Recent Approaches Modifying Instruction for Second Language Learners Academic Language Linking Language to Content: A Rationale Linking Language to Content: How? Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Literacy and Biliteracy What is Literacy? Biliteracy How Can Teachers Support Biliteracy? Literacy and the Second Language Learner How Can Schools Promote Biliteracy? Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 8 � Assessment and English Learners Introduction Testing Second Language Learners: General Issues Reliability Validity Content Bias Can You Eliminate Content Bias Using Translation? Construct Bias Procedure Norming Language Proficiency What is Language Proficiency? Models of Language Proficiency Academic Language Proficiency How is Language Proficiency Assessed? Standards-based Language Proficiency Assessment The Need for Multidimensional Approaches to Assessment Standardized Achievement Testing Diagnostic Testing for Placement in Special Programs Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 9 � Legal Foundations of Dual Language Instruction Introduction Key Questions The Historical Context for Dual Language Instruction: World War II and Beyond World War II and Foreign Language Instruction World War II and Civil Rights Brown v. the Board of Education (1954) Who Governs Education? Federal Involvement in Education The Bilingual Education Act (Title VII) Discretionary Funding Title VII and Policy Lau v.Nichols (1974) Interpretation of Lau Effects of Lau Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 No Child Left Behind NCLB Funding NCLB Pros and Cons State Laws Regarding Bilingual Education Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 10 � Aspects of Culture Introduction What Is Culture? What Are the Key Characteristics of Culture? Culture is Dynamic Culture is Creative Culture is Continuous Culture is Learned Culture is Shared Culture is a Struggle for Survival How Is Culture Manifested? Clothing and Decoration Housing Time Orientation Spatial Orientation Culture and Language What is Multicultural Education? What is the Connection Between Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education? Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources Chapter 11 � Culture, Schooling and Achievement Introduction Key Questions Explaining the Achievement Gap: Four Approaches Genetic Inferiority Cultural Deficit Cultural Mismatch Contextual Interaction Status, Power and School Success Contextual Interaction as a Solution to Differential Achievement What Teachers Can Do Summary Questions to Think About and Discuss Activities Suggestions for Further Reading Web and Media Resources


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